07:24 -
1 comment
Wednesday, 7 January 2015
Sunday, 23 November 2014
07:32 -
1 comment
Bail
BAIL (read
closely with Baljit Singh book)
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Also called as pre trial matter because
can be done before trial itself
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In order to have commencement you need to
have a charge and sometime a charge must come with consent (/sanction/authorization).
Commencement when charge is read and explained but the trial may be sometime
after that. Charge is there after the last day of remand and cannot go beyond
14 days unless the PCA applies (prevention of crime act)
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While waiting for the trial, the bail
comes in or he enters back into remand, even though there was commencement but trial date is sometimes after
commencement = still pre-trial and the important matter in the gap is bail
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In a private prosecution there is an
initiation s.128 -136 here applies
A. Definition
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Bail is “a delivery or bailment of a person to his
sureties upon their giving of sufficient security for his appearance, he being
supposed to continue in their friendly custody instead of going to gaol
(custody = remand)”
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A bond is an instrument binding the person who executes it.
The bond may bind the person to be of good behaviour under s.173A CPC to appear
in court on a particular date set for trial under s.294 CPC.
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Bail is to deliver A to B, but bond is example
a bond for good behaviour and A has a bond and B has the bail.
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The bail binds the bailer and the bond
binds the person under bond.
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It is an important principle that bail is
not punitive because he is only an OKT and deemed innocent until proven
otherwise so cannot impose bail of murder example, it is only for the purpose
of securing attendance of OKT.
1.
Moh Ting King v PP [1995] 3 MLJ 461
2.
Mohd Jalil v PP [1996] 5 MLJ 564
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The purpose of the bail is to secure
attendance of accused person at a certain date and place in order to answer the
charge
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Not intended to be punitive and excessive
3.
Yusof bin Mohamed v PP (1995) 3 MLJ 66
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Bail in simple language means security
taken from a person to appear on a fixed date before court
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The meaning of the word bail as ordinarily
and commonly understood is to set free a person who is under arrest, detention
or is under some kind of restraint by taking security for his appearance
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It is well and good that an accused person
be put on bail pending the hearing of his appeal
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When there is a trial or an appeal pending
against the accused the prosecutor or the court may offer bail to A pending the
trial or the appeal
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Whether or not bail will be allowed would
depend on the type of offence with which A is charged
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For purpose of provisions of bail “such
court” means the trial court and under s.2(1) CPC it means MC, C, HC where the
court exercise the original criminal jurisdiction
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However judge under s.289 CPC refer to HC
judge. Why? (amount of bond – see section)
3 TYPES
OFFENCES IN RELATION TO BAIL
i.
S.387(1) CPC – A is entitled to bail as of
right, where it is mandatory. Police has first right to put him in remand of
investigation of 14 days the most, at that time when he was OKT there not
entitled to bail because it overrides the right to bail under s.387. So for example
corruption cases where accused comes to court on that day because he has been
given a police bond, the charge read against him and explained to him, he
understood and he plead not guilty and claims trial. If it is a bailable
offence entitled to claim.
4.
Mohd Jalil v PP [1996] 5
MLJ 564
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Word “shall be released on bail” = mandatory
5.
Michael Raymond
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Though no arrest but when appellant
appeared before court he was entitled to bail
6.
Kwan Hung v Inspector Yusof Haji Unders s.387 no conditions can be imposed
7.
PP v Dato Mat
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First schedule of CPC for offences other
than PC punishable for less than 3 years or with fine only are bailable. If
there is a failure to attend when there is a bail, can the court revoke the
bail in a bailable offence? The court says, granting bail is one thing and
revoking is another. SO now revoked can still grant another cause it is a
bailable offence? To be granted must be given opportunity to explain not that
he is absent simply revoked. Warrant of arrest can be issued but bail is still
there, when WOA brings him to court now he appears to court to explain and the
court must listen to his explanation.
8.
Maja ak Kus
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Remand order u/s 117 CPC supersedes s.387
CPC
9.
Wong Kim Woon
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Breach & revocation of bail but allowed
to be head first
10. Wee Swee Siang
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Refusal to grant bail
11. Phang Yong Fook
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Wrong to order remand after bail revoked
NON
BAILABLE
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Court has discretion to grant bail
12. Loy Chin Hei
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Non Bailable means not bailabel under
s.2(1) CPC
13. Mat Zain
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Court or OCPD has discretion to grant bail
in non bailable cases depending on circumstances & facts of each case
Bailable offence = a entitled as of right,
mandatory and don’t impose condition on the accused and the other thing is that
bail cannot be punitive and excessive, to secure attendance and not to punish
OKT. Even if there is a bailable offence and no compliance of the bail
especially when A don’t turn up on the next date, the court can issue warrant
of arrest but court cannot revoke bail there and then but allow A to explain
because it is AS OF RIGHT.
Next is where non bailable offence where
it is of discretion of court to grant bail, the DPP will either offer or
otherwise to the A. If he offers, he will state an amount and the defence party
will try to reduce the amount. But there can be situation where PP doesn’t
intend to offer bail to A and defence need to fight for bail for A.
Non bailable offence under S.388
Type A: Release on bail as
no reasonable grounds A is guilty but sufficient grounds for further enquiry
Type B: reasonable grounds
of guilt – no bail, but not unbailable or bail not allowed
Type C: A under 16 or a
women, sick/infirm may be released on bail even though reasonable grounds of
guilt
14. Dato Balwant Singh (read on the facts of
accused)
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80 year with MC, here suffering number of
medical situation, in the end bail was granted.
15. Dato Mat Shah
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Only high court has unfettered discretion
to grant bail in death & life imprisonment cases
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When there is discretion to grant bail,
there is discretion to impose conditions referring to Dato Mat case above (but)
see condition above.
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Court will grant bail unless strong
grounds bail should be refused
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GR: grant bail unless strong grounds to
refuse, passport released by HC objected by PP but SC held court has such power
while exercising its discretion and inherent jurisdiction under s.389 CPC.
16. Wee Swee Siang
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Good example on discretion to grant bail
for Type A and there are 9 fators to be considered under 388
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Whether reasonable grounds that A is
guilty
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Nature an gravity of offence
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Severity and degree of punishment
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Danger of A absconding
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A character, means and standing
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danger of offence contd/repeated
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Danger of witnesses tampered with
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Opportunity for A to prepare his defence
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Long period of defendant/custody between
date of charge and date of trial
Bail needs to be exercised judicially (meaning by law)
17. PP v DSAI
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Bail rejected here
These are cases in relation to the facts
(read recent cases with reference to the older cases)
18. Manickam & Ors
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Bail should be not refused as presumption
of innocence favours accused & not punitive but to ensure attendance in
court
Unbailable offence
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No bail is allowed
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Offence under Reg.9 ESCAR s12(1) FIPA,
s.41B DDA
19. Chiew Siew Luan
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S.41B DDA supersedes
BAIL
PENDING APPEAL
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So here it is a post trial matter, can be
both.
Bail Pending Appeal Against
Conviction
3 distinct authorities to grant bail pending appeal
1.
S.311 CPC: appeal does not operate automatic
as stay of execution only for whipping execution stayed discretion with trial
court. Appellate court to grant stay & bail. Trial court, subordinate court
and HC may grant bail pending appeal against conviction. S.311 CPC should be distinguished
from a 3115 which deal with the grant bail pending appeal against acquittal by
the HC
2.
S.57 CJA: COA can order stay and bail
3.
S.89 CJ: FC can order bail
Bail don’t act as stay of conviction imprisonment
not stayed but whipping stayed. (read on bail pending appeal) Bail is different
from stay. Wait for sentence first before appealing, so now when sentence has
been passed, appeal within 14 days for the convicted person to allow lawyer to
file an appeal à then bail comes in à then ask
for stay of proceedings (of the sentence). The effect (person is out if bail or
stayed granted) is the same but principles are different governing both of
these. Stay here means stay of sentence and it can be a fine and it can be RM1
million example so you ask for stay hence no need to pay that sum first.
Acquittal à then an appeal à warrant of
arrest (when there is, he is no longer a free man he is OKT Ã to be free man applies for bail
If there is no warrant of arrest? Free man
but appeal can still be there.
07:25 -
No comments
Charges - General Rule & Exceptions
CHARGES
it is a big topic because a prosecution cannot proceed without a charge although there are few which could proceed without and may not be fatal. But now it always starts with a charge. Another principle is that one charge 1 accused = 1 conviction.
it is a big topic because a prosecution cannot proceed without a charge although there are few which could proceed without and may not be fatal. But now it always starts with a charge. Another principle is that one charge 1 accused = 1 conviction.
A. General Rule
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A should be convicted only for the offence
stated in the charge or amended charge
B. Exception
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There are 4 exceptions under s.167-s.169
CPC which provide that A may be convicted for an offence not charged. There can
be third conviction for an offence not charged, may fall under one of the
section here mentioned.
I.
FIRST EXCEPTION S.167
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If A is charged with one offence and it
appears in evidence that he committed a different offence for which he might
have been charged according to s.166 CPC he may be convicted of the offence not
charged. See s.166 where facts are clear but not clear and not obvious of the
offence and will only be obvious after the evidence is looked into. But there can be situation where can have
conviction where there is no charge. Example charged with theft but on evidence
there was CBT or receiving stolen goods, may be convicted by those 2 although
not charged for it example receiving stolen goods where there is enough
evidence to support the charge.
1.
Lew Cheok Hin v R [1956] MLJ 131
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Court recognized that there can be
conviction for offence not charged under s.167 but court applied two tests under this case in order for s.167 to
apply (in convicting a person for an offence not charged.
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1st = the facts must be such as framed charged
available from the starts (meaning facts were there but somehow charge was not
there, example in CP facts were there but not pleaded example Puncak Emas case here
facts pleaded and evidence shown, not disputed, was on negligence but court
awarded for nuisance as well). Facts were there but the prosecution
preferred (where prosecution can prefer a charge against accused and not for
the court to disturb but on the facts also there is another offence
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2nd = the evidence must be lead on the charged
preferred (same charge leading to another evidence can find conviction on that
offence as well but therefore will offend the general principle of 1 charge, 1
conviction, but because test fulfilled can)
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S.167 can apply it both test can apply
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The judge here mentioned on the general principle
of s.152-153, s.166 and s.167
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Judge also said that s.167 has to be read with s.166 (where facts are obvious and
offence is not). Example based on evidence adduce notice can lead to another
conviction.
2.
Sivalingam v PP [1982] 2 MLJ 172 (FC)
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Here also on s.167 to be read together
with s.166
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In other words, both test must be
fulfilled. Firstly, the facts give rise to the offence and lead to conviction
but not only the facts must be there but evidence must show on the other
offence as well
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So facts + evidence = conviction
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But this conviction is for an offence not
charged.
3.
Gurdit Singh v PP [1983] CLJ Rep 575
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This is HC, it applies the test in Taylor
J judgment in the first case above
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Facts must be there, evidence must be
there for conviction to be saved, the two tests
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The court here used the word ‘substitute’
II.
SECOND EXCEPTION s.168
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If A is charged with an offence he may be
convicted of having attempted to commit that offence although the attempt is not
separately charged
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There should be two charges for two
distinct offence but can have only 1 charge if exceptions can be applied
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But here DPP preferred it that because Art.145
(3) says for PP to decide and not to be interfered with, and example they don’t
charge for attempt, don’t ask.
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But during trial there can be attempt to
commit s.168, although offence for attempt, charge was not there so this
provision allows an oversight on the part of DPP
4.
Quinn v Howland [1949] MLJ 217
III.
THIRD EXCEPTION S.169(1)
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Where accused charged on some particulars
but only some is proved which constitute a minor offence, then he may be
convicted of the minor offence although he was not charged with it
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Example A + B + C = conviction and now
conviction for Z
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During trial only A & B is proved =
can lead to conviction for offence Y (minor offence)
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Look at illustration 169 (where A charged
for CBT for delivering courier, on evidence he did not commit CBT under that
section where it concerns a courier but he may still be convicted for CBT
(where there is different degree of severity) where lower degree of CBT can
have conviction. Minor offence to CBT on delivering courier.
5.
Kundan Singh v PP [1939] 1 MLJ 27
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Minor means in relation to the first
charge or in relation to the offence which was the subject of a charge. So
normally it means a lesser punishment (during tutorial discuss on degree of
extortion where extort is higher than putting one in fear of injury and putting
one in fear of grievous injury is higher than simply extort but then extort in
order to put one in injury is still higher than putting one in fear of injury
in order to extort). Ã here can
see different degrees of extortion as example
IV.
FOURTH EXCEPTION .169(2)
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Where A is charged with an offence and the
facts are proved which reduce it to a minor offence he may be convicted of the minor
offence although he was not charged with it.
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A good example of this would be murder
where the facts of murder is there but can be reduced to a minor offence
(culpable homicide not amounting to murder) it is minor because punishment is
lesser where murder death is mandatory but for culpable homicide is life
imprisonment.
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Can be reduced to culpable homicide when?
When he raised a defence example self defence and grave and sudden provocation.
6.
PP v Francis Dang Anak Nuya [1988] 1 MLJ 89
MULTIPLE
CHARGES
A. Withdrawal of charge
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We have seen the exception apply where
example 10 charges, 1 trial.
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If 1 is caught, can the other charges be
withdrawn?
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Withdrawal of remaining charges on
conviction of one of several charges – s.171(1) CPC
§ If there is more than one charge and A is convicted on one or more charges,
the prosecution may, with consent of the court, withdraw the other charges
§ The court may also on its own motion stay the inquiry or trial of those
remaining charges
7.
PP v Syed Feisal [2007] LNS 120
§ Such withdrawal has the effect of an acquittal of such charge or charges –
s.171(2) CPC
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For s.171 to apply,
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With the consent of court the withdrawal
amounts to acquittal but here
B. Outstanding offences – s.171A CPC
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If there are many charges against A, at
the end of the trial on one charge, the court may take into consideration any
other outstanding offences which have been admitted by A when sentencing,
provided that both the prosecution and A consent to this measure – S.171A
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Example there are 3 charges, he can claim
trial for 1 and plead guilty for the other or alternatively. Example after
trial there’s conviction, there’s still 2 charges which is PG (goes for
sentencing) but the one in trial go to conviction and sentencing, the court can
consider other offences but with the consent of accused because in order to do
this, Ã lead to aggravating the offence
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When the consent is given, court has to
record it so that court won’t offend s.171A(2) there is safeguards for the
accused here.
8.
Abang Zailan v PP [1992] 1 MLJ 225
*recap we have looked into charge (please check back on the list covered):
1.
what must be there in a charge
2.
what happens if there’s an error
3.
amendment of charge
4.
general principles (1 charge 1 offence)
5.
the exceptions to the GR (4 exceptions)
6.
conviction for an offence not charged
7.
multiple charges
8.
outstanding offences
Monday, 17 November 2014
05:51 -
No comments
Joinder of Offences & Charges
JOINDER OF
OFFENCES AND CHARGES
1.
Rules against duplicity
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Where there is more than one offence in
one charge, we say the charge is duplicated.
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Section 163 CPC
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Every distinct offence must be mentioned
in a separate charge – first limb of s.163
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This means that for one distinct offence
there must be one charge and for two distinct offences, there must be two
charges
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When two offences are committed and they
have no connection with one another, they are distinct offences
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For example if offence of grievous hurt
and theft are distinct offences – illustration to s.163
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Hence the rule is often termed as the rule
against duplicity,, which is a prohibition against introducing more than one
offence in a single charge
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There are numerous categories of distinct offences
but three obvious categories are:
·
Offences provided under different sections
of the PC or any other penal statute
·
Offences provided under the same section
of the law but committed at different time or on different occasions
·
Offences committed against different
persons or victims
EFFECT OF DUPLICITY
A.
Mere irregularity that can be cured
1.
Lee Ching Kee v PP [1935] 1 MLJ 157
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Two offences in the same charge, dealing
and coveying
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Refers to commentary of Indian criminal
procedure
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Two offences in one charge bad for
duplicity
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Can find the principle in s.163
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Accused was not prejudiced
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So conviction was affirmed here
B.
An illegality that cannot be cured
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This is usually in traffic offences
usually either negligence or reckless where the elements are different. You can
charge in the alternative, either one to be charged if cannot succeed in one of
it
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Cannot say in the charge reckless and
negligence
2.
Jagar Singh v PP [2936] MLJ 114 COA
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Two offences, bad for duplicity, should
have a charge in the alternative
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One charge may have two offences but in the alternative would
be ok but if you have one offence + another offence not in alternative = bad
for duplicity whereby it is illegality and cannot maintain such conviction if
there was conviction made
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Here case of reckless and negligence
3.
Yap Liow Swee v PP MLJ 225 COA
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Follows Jagar Singh sayin irregularity
cannot be cured
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Burden of A to prove that there has been a
failure of justice
4.
Muthan v PP [1947] MLJ 86
C.
No prejudice and no failure of justice
5.
See Yew Poo v PP 1949] MLJ 131
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Appellate decision here, court said
offence should be separate charges
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Here irregularity that can be cured under
s.422 because no prejudice and no failure of justice (these concept easy to say
difficult to apply so quote on the facts)
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Why there was no failure of justice? (use
facts to prove and relate it)
6.
PP v Mohamed Fathi [1979] 2 MLJ 70
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Judge discuss on s.163 principle and
exception in s.153(2)
DISTINCT OFFENCES
7.
PP v Norzilan 1989] 1 MLJ 442 (READ THIS)
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Drug trafficking case where it was found
in her house in 3 different locations; 1 middle room, kitchen and backyard
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The house was rented by a number of
person, friends etc so question of who has possession of the drugs because
possession more than statutory weight becomes trafficking so in that situation
DPP must prove that the accused has possession to the drugs but in a house
shared by many people may be difficult to prove
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Eventually first accused had been charged
in respect of the room in the middle of the house but according to evidence,
his room is in the first room and has no access to middle room, so person no
exclusive access to the room would be difficult
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Important here is on the opinion of the
judge where the drugs was found can be subject of different charges against the
person who has exclusive possession to the venue where the drugs were found
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Offences were lumped into one charge, but
the charge proceeded with the middle room
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So because of that prosecution case was
limped
8.
Mahendran Manikam v PP 1997] 1 CLJ Supp 473
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Raping, same victim on two different
occasions and should have two separate charges for two offences at two
different places
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Court held to be two distinct offences
should have 2 separate charges
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Talking about the general rule here, more
than 1 offence in 1 charge
9.
Datuk Haji Wasli [2006] 5 MLJ 172
10. Leken @ Delam v PP [2007] 3 MLJ 730
EXCEPTIONS
-
4 exceptions to the second limb, first
limb has one exception s.153(2) not in s.163 where the charge can contain more
than one offence if in relation to CBT and dishonest misappropriation of money.
It must be committed within one year for this both to relate, if it falls out
of it, cannot be subject to one charge.
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Charge only need to mention to gross sum,
several CBT is possible too.
11. Sheikh Hassan v PP 1940] MLJ 69
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The gross sum in 1939 is 23 dollars
received on separate occasions every occasion 1 dollar
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Syariah law may allow nikah twice but
under our Malaysian law, cannot nikah dua kali, if have not registered, go to court and
register it
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Here there was CBT
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Was a good charge falling under s.153(2)
23
offences of CBT – 1 charge
|
||
Dates of
offence between 1/2/1938 and 31/1/1938
|
Offences
punishable under s.409 PC
|
Gross sum
$23
|
12. PP v Mohamad Fathi [1979] 2 MLJ 70
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4 forgery offences on documents, so does
not fall under CBT therefore à 4 offences
each for one document, different occasions therefore 4 charges of forgery à later reduced to 3 amended charges à later reduce to 1 (3 charges telescope) à but the court said charge was bad for duplicity but curable under s.422
because accused understood the charge against him for 4 documents & forgery
13. PP v Shably [1992] 2 CLJ 1269
Rule against joinder of charges
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Every charge must be tried separately
second limb of s.163
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One charge, one trial and every A must be
tried separately
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The rationale is that court and A will not
be prejudiced by a multitude of charges at one trial
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When it contrives, there is a misjoinder
of charges
14. Subramaniam Iyer (1901) 28 IA 257
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Misjoinder is an illegality
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The Privy Council was unable to regard the
disobedience to an express provision as a mere irregularity because such a
phrase is not appropriate to the illegality of trying A for many different…
-
Exceptions to the rule against joinder of
charges
-
There are 4 exceptions to the rule
-
These are provided in s.164, 165, 166 and
170 CPC
EXCEPTIONS
FIRST EXCEPTION – S.164 CPC (more than 1 not more than
3)
-
The elements in s.164(1) CPC are:
1.
1A
2.
More than 1 offence
3.
Offences are of the same kind(s.164(2))
-
This offences fall into 3 categories;
punishable with the same amount of punishment under the same section of PC or
any other law
-
Offences punishable under s.379, 380, 382,
392, 397(offences relating to theft and robbery)
-
Offences under any section of PC or any
other law which shall be deemed to be offences of the same kind as attempt to
commit such offences when such attempt is an offence
4.
Offences are committed within 12 months
5.
Victim may be the same r not and
6.
Number of charges joined must not exceed 3 charges
SECOND EXCEPTION – S.165 CPC
-
Provide for 3 exceptions: series of act (example
shoots and robs) so there are 2 offences, 2 charges can put into 1 trial, 1
accused.
· Where the acts committed are so connected together as to form the same
transaction –s.165(1) CPC
-
The elements to be fulfilled are; 1 A,
more than 1 offence, offences are committed by a series of acts so connected
together to form the same transaction
15. R v Shahapurkar ILR 30 Bom 49
-
transaction means carrying through, this suggests
not necessarily proximity in time so such as continuity of action
and purpose. In order that a number of acts may be so connected together as to
form part of the same transaction, community of purpose of design
and continuity of action are essential elements. In Shahapurkar, there was
proximity of time but what is more important is the continuity of action and
purpose or there is a community or purpose
16.
Amrita Lal Hazra v Emperor 42 Cal 95: there is
no definite formula which may be applied to all situations to determine whether
two or more acts form the same transaction however the matters which ought to
be considered are:
·
Proximity of time
·
Unity or proximity of place
·
Continuity of action
·
Continuity of purpose or design
17. Cheong Sik Kwan [1955] MLJ 236 COA
-
CBT 4 situations of accounts but were in
the same transactions, there was continuity of purpose or community of purpose
-
Then court explained the law (good
judgment)
18. PP v Rizuan [1996] 2 CLJ 346
19. Shaafie Saibi [2007]
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What is not the same transaction?
20. Seng Sai Kee [1940] MLJ 246
21. Datuk Wasli
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Putting in fear of injury, at the same
time there was connection of theft, not connected in any way
22. Chin Choy v PP [1955]
·
Where the acts constitute an offence in
more than one provision of law – S.165(2)
-
Stage of proceeding to determine ‘same
transaction’
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When the charge is framed not at the end
of trial
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If A’s acts constitute an offence within
two or more separate provisions of law, then he may be tried at one trial for
each of such offences see illustration (g) – (j)
-
The court is at liberty to impose a punishment
for each offence, provided that the total amount of punishment does not exceed
the maximum for any of the offences
23. Lim Ong Lum v R [1926] SSLR 152
·
Where the acts are individual offence but
when combined together constitute another separate offence – S.165(3) CPC
-
Hybrid like - illustration (k)
THIRD EXCEPTION – S.166
-
The elements are: 1 A, more than 1
offence, offences committed in a single act or series of act
-
The situation here is where the facts are
certain but offences are not
-
The prosecutor is uncertain under which offence
the facts will fall under
-
In such event, the DPP can refer the
answer provided under s.166 as well
· A may be charged with all or any of the offences and any number of the
charges may be tried at once OR
· Charged in the alternative (judge will give advice and observe here and
refer to illustration (a) & (b)
24. Hassan bin Isahak v PP [1948-49] MLJ
25. PP v Abdullah Ambek [1984] 1 CLJ 189
26. Chan Chan Seng v PP [1932] MLJ 107
FOURTH EXCEPTION – S.170 CPC
-
Joiner of offenders [(164 is joinder of
charges, 165 is also joinder of charges1 A several offences) s.165 can have
more than 3 offences & charges, but 164 confined to 3 within 1 year]
-
170 is on joinder of offender, more than 1
accused in 1 trial
-
It provides for 2 situations where if the
court thanks fit , it may follow more than one A to be tried jointly
· Where they are accused of committing the same offence or different offences
in the same transaction and
· Where one is accused of committing an offence
and the other of abetment or attempt to commit the same offence
27. Teja Singh v PP [1950] MLJ 71
-
One if for bribery, the other for abetment
of bribery, police officer involved.
1 trial;
2 Accused Persons
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1st
A was charged for abetment of corruption
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2nd
was charged for committing corruption
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28. Tan Kheng Ann [1965] 2 MLJ 108
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There was a detention centre there and
there was rioting there
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The issue whether same transaction or
otherwise or different offences (read case)
29. Manikam v PP [1947] 90
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Here court said should be separate trial
and not joined
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Accused person jointly tried on criminal
trespass but different day, offence may be the same but there should be
separate trial for different accused person because not in same transaction
Section 170(2)
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This provides for 3 categories of offences
for joinder of offences:
· Theft, extortion, CBT, cheating or criminal misappropriation
· Receiving or retaining or assisting disposal of property and concealment of
property, possession of which has been transferred after such offence is
committed by the first named persons
· Abetment or attempting t o commit an such last named offence
We have 4
exceptions in total, so how to apply?
Lim Yean Leong v PP – s.165(1) (not limited to 3
charges therefore trial no3 can include forgery) here 163 & 164 also can
apply
25/1/1938
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26/2/1938
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19/4/1938
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·
1offence of CBT
·
2 subsidiary offences of altering a/c
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·
1 offence of CBT
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2 subsidiary offences of altering a/c
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·
1 offence of CBT
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2 subsidiary offences altering a/c
·
1 offence of forgery
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LIM YEAN LEONG V PP – S.164
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|||
Trial 1
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Trial 2
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Trial 3
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Trial 4
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·
3 charges of CBT
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·
3 charges of altering a/c
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·
3 charges of altering a/c
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·
1 charge of forgery
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Mutually cumulative/ mutually exclusive, = if one exception
applies, the others are not excluded, meaning more than 1 exception can be applied
to the given situation with the result that you will see 10 charges can be in
on trial. Mutually exclusive can use 1 only and cannot use the rest.
1 TRIAL;
10 CHARGES
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s.164 CPC
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s.165(1)
CPC
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